Support

Traps in Support

• Enzyme-substrate mismatches in digestion
  Amylase: starch → maltose (mouth, duodenum). Pepsin: protein → polypeptides (stomach, acid). Lipase: fats → fatty acids + glycerol (small intestine). Bile emulsifies but is NOT an enzyme.
• Gives the job of a neighbouring structure or stage
  Learn structures as pairs of 'name → one job' and contrast neighbours: ribosome makes protein, mitochondrion releases energy; cochlea hears, semicircular canals balance. When two options sit in the same organ or process, ask which one does exactly the job in the stem.
• Mismatches hormones and functions
  Insulin (pancreas) lowers blood glucose; ADH (pituitary) reduces urine volume; adrenaline prepares for 'fight or flight'; thyroxine controls metabolic rate.
• Confuses skeletal structures
  Ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder): movement in all planes. Hinge (knee, elbow): one plane. Pivot (atlas–axis): rotation. Ligaments join bone to bone; tendons join muscle to bone.
• Reverses a direction, order or effect
  Before answering, say the process out loud in order with arrows (receptor → sensory → relay → motor → effector; lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium). Then ask: does my option point the same way? If an option is the mirror image of a fact you know, it is a trap.
• Takes one contributing factor as the whole answer
  Watch for 'only', 'just', 'mainly'. Ask: is this the MAIN reason, or one contributor? If it would need other things to work (plasma proteins need platelets), it is incomplete.